Extraction of Astaxanthin from Euphausiapacific Using Subcritical 1,1,1, 2-tetrafluoroethane     

HAN Yuqian  MA Qinchuan  WANG Lan  XUE Changhu 《青岛海洋大学学报(英文版)》2012,(4):562-568

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Salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer), infestation in sympatric populations of Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), and sea trout, Salmo trutta (L.), in areas near and distant from salmon farms     

Bjorn  Pal Arne; Finstad  Bengt 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2002,59(1):131-139

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Responses of phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria in the northwest subarctic Pacific to in situ iron fertilization as estimated by HPLC pigment analysis and flow cytometry   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Koji Suzuki  Akira Hinuma  Hiroaki Saito  Hiroshi Kiyosawa  Hongbin Liu  Toshiro Saino  Atsushi Tsuda 《Progress in Oceanography》2005,64(2-4):167

To verify the hypothesis that the growth of phytoplankton in the Western Subarctic Gyre (WSG), which is located in the northwest subarctic Pacific, is suppressed by low iron (Fe) availability, an in situ Fe fertilization experiment was carried out in the summer of 2001. Changes over time in the abundance and community structure of phytoplankton were examined inside and outside an Fe patch using phytoplankton pigment markers analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and flow cytometry (FCM). In addition, the abundance of heterotrophic bacteria was also investigated by FCM. The chlorophyll a concentration was initially ca. 0.9 μg l⁻¹ in the surface mixed layer where diatoms and chlorophyll b-containing green algae (prasinophytes and chlorophytes) were predominant in the chlorophyll biomass. After the iron enrichment, the chlorophyll a concentration increased up to 9.1 μg l⁻¹ in the upper 10 m inside the Fe patch on Day 13. At the same time, the concentration of fucoxanthin (a diatom marker) increased 45-fold in the Fe patch, and diatoms accounted for a maximum 69% of the chlorophyll biomass. This result was consistent with a microscopic observation showing that the diatom Chaetoceros debilis had bloomed inside the Fe patch. However, chlorophyllide a concentrations also increased in the Fe patch with time, and reached a maximum of 2.2 μg l⁻¹ at 5 m depth on Day 13, suggesting that a marked abundance of senescent algal cells existed at the end of the experiment. The concentration of peridinin (a dinoflagellate marker) also reached a maximum 24-fold, and dinoflagellates had contributed significantly (>15%) to the chlorophyll biomass inside the Fe patch by the end of the experiment. Concentrations of 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin (a prymnesiophyte marker), 19′-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin (a pelagophyte marker), and alloxanthin (a cryptophyte marker) were only incremented a few-fold increment inside the Fe patch. On the contrary, chlorophyll b concentration reduced to almost half of the initial level in the upper 10 m water column inside the Fe patch at the end of the experiment. A decrease with time in the abundance of eukaryotic ultraphytoplankton (<ca. 5 μm in size), in which chlorophyll b-containing green algae were possibly included was also observed by FCM. Overall, our results indicate that Fe supply can dramatically alter the abundance and community structure of phytoplankton in the WSG. On the other hand, cell density of heterotrophic bacteria inside the Fe patch was maximum at only ca. 1.5-fold higher than that outside the Fe patch. This indicates that heterotrophic bacteria abundance was little respondent to the Fe enrichment.  相似文献   

Oceanographic influences on seabirds and cetaceans of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review     

Lisa T. Ballance  Robert L. Pitman  Paul C. Fiedler 《Progress in Oceanography》2006,69(2-4):360

This paper is part of a comprehensive review of the oceanography of the eastern tropical Pacific, the oceanic region centered on the eastern Pacific warm pool, but also including the equatorial cold tongue and equatorial current system, and summarizes what is known about oceanographic influences on seabirds and cetaceans there. The eastern tropical Pacific supports on the order of 50 species of seabirds and 30 species of cetaceans as regular residents; these include four endemic species, the world’s largest populations for several others, three endemic sub-species, and a multi-species community that is relatively unique to this ecosystem. Three of the meso-scale physical features of the region are particularly significant to seabirds and cetaceans: the Costa Rica Dome for blue whales and short-beaked common dolphins, the Equatorial Front for planktivorous seabirds, and the countercurrent thermocline ridge for flocking seabirds that associate with mixed-species schools of spotted and spinner dolphins and yellowfin tuna. A few qualitative studies of meso- to macro-scale distribution patterns have indicated that some seabirds and cetaceans have species-specific preferences for surface currents. More common are associations with distinct water masses; these relationships have been quantified for a number of species using several different analytical methods. The mechanisms underlying tropical species–habitat relationships are not well understood, in contrast to a number of higher-latitude systems. This may be due to the fact that physical variables have been used as proxies for prey abundance and distribution in species–habitat research in the eastern tropical Pacific.Though seasonal and interannual patterns tend to be complex, species–habitat relationships appear to remain relatively stable over time, and distribution patterns co-vary with patterns of preferred habitat for a number of species. The interactions between seasonal and interannual variation in oceanographic conditions with seasonal patterns in the biology of seabirds and cetaceans may account for some of the complexity in species–habitat relationship patterns.Little work has been done to investigate effects of El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycles on cetaceans, and results of the few studies focusing on oceanic seabirds are complex and not easy to interpret. Although much has been made of the detrimental effects of El Niño events on apex predators, more research is needed to understand the magnitude, and even direction, of these effects on seabirds and cetaceans in space and time.  相似文献   

Deep-water carbonate concentrations in the southwest Pacific     

Helen C. Bostock  Bruce W. HaywardHelen L. Neil  Kim I. CurrieGavin B. Dunbar 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2011,58(1):72-85

We have compiled carbonate chemistry and sedimentary CaCO₃% data for the deep-waters (>1500 m water depth) of the southwest (SW) Pacific region. The complex topography in the SW Pacific influences the deep-water circulation and affects the carbonate ion concentration ([CO₃2−]), and the associated calcite saturation horizon (CSH, where ??_calcite=1). The Tasman Basin and the southeast (SE) New Zealand region have the deepest CSH at ∼3100 m, primarily influenced by middle and lower Circumpolar Deep Waters (m or lCPDW), while to the northeast of New Zealand the CSH is ∼2800 m, due to the corrosive influence of the old North Pacific deep waters (NPDW) on the upper CPDW (uCPDW). The carbonate compensation depth (CCD; defined by a sedimentary CaCO₃ content of <20%), also varies between the basins in the SW Pacific. The CCD is ∼4600 m to the SE New Zealand, but only ∼4000 m to the NE New Zealand. The CaCO₃ content of the sediment, however, can be influenced by a number of different factors other than dissolution; therefore, we suggest using the water chemistry to estimate the CCD. The depth difference between the CSH and CCD (??Z_CSH−CCD), however, varies considerably in this region and globally. The global ??Z_CSH−CCD appears to expand with increase in age of the deep-water, resulting from a shoaling of the CSH. In contrast the depth of the chemical lysocline (??_calcite=0.8) is less variable globally and is relatively similar, or close, to the CCD determined from the sedimentary CaCO₃%. Geochemical definitions of the CCD, however, cannot be used to determine changes in the paleo-CCD. For the given range of factors that influence the sedimentary CaCO₃%, an independent dissolution proxy, such as the foraminifera fragmentation % (>40%=foraminiferal lysocline) is required to define a depth where significant CaCO₃ dissolution has occurred back through time. The current foraminiferal lysocline for the SW Pacific region ranges from 3100-3500 m, which is predictably just slightly deeper than the CSH. This compilation of sediment and water chemistry data provides a CaCO₃ dataset for the present SW Pacific for comparison with glacial/interglacial CaCO₃ variations in deep-water sediment cores, and to monitor future changes in [CO₃2−] and dissolution of sedimentary CaCO₃ resulting from increasing anthropogenic CO₂.  相似文献   

太平洋SSTA同中国东部夏季极端降水事件变化关系的研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

杨金虎  江志红  王鹏祥  杨启国 《海洋学报》2010,32(1):23-33

基于中国东部1955—2004年233个台站逐日降水和NCEP/NCAR再分析高度场、风场、比湿、地面气压以及NOAA海表温度资料,运用SVD、合成分析等方法研究了太平洋SSTA同中国东部夏季极端降水事件之间的相互关系,结果表明:前期冬季太平洋SSTA同我国东部夏季极端降水事件的关系比较显著;前冬赤道中东太平洋是影响我国华北地区夏季极端降水事件的关键区,若前冬该海域海温发生异常,从冬到夏大气环流先后通过PNA(反PNA)和WP(反WP)遥相关型使得西太平洋副热带高压发生异常,进而使得华北夏季极端降水事件发生异常;前冬热带西太平洋是影响我国东北南部及江南地区夏季极端降水事件的关键区,若前冬该海域海温发生异常,从冬到夏105°~135°E的平均经向垂直环流圈发生异常,使得夏季东北南部与江南地区垂直运动发生异常,进而使得东北南部和江南夏季极端降水事件发生异常。  相似文献   

2005年6月华南暴雨期间西太平洋副高西伸过程分析   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6  

司东  温敏  徐海明  何金海 《热带气象学报》2008,24(2):169-175

利用NCEP/NCARⅡ逐日再分析资料以及我国实测的降水资料,对2005年6月华南暴雨期间西太平洋副高的西伸过程进行了分析.结果表明:副高的东西进退可能与暴雨过程存在某种联系.分析指出副高中心的下沉气流主要是由副高南北两侧雨带中凝结潜热释放效应所致的上升气流在高空下沉而产生的,副高中心垂直运动的出现有利于副高的加强.而副高南北两侧雨带不但可以加强副高,同时又会激发正涡度增长,限制副高在南北方向上的活动,此时西侧印度季风雨带则会在副高西侧激发反气旋性涡度发展,即可诱使副高西伸.因此,华南强降水和印度季风区降水的共同作用使得副高加强西伸.  相似文献   

Long-term changes in the type,but not amount,of ingested plastic particles in short-tailed shearwaters in the southeastern Bering Sea     

Vlietstra LS  Parga JA 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(9):945-955

We report the current (1997-1999, 2001) incidence and amount of ingested plastic in short-tailed shearwaters (Puffinus tenuirostris) in the southeastern Bering Sea and compare our results with plastic reported in shearwaters during 1970-1978. We also examine correlations between plastic loads and shearwater body mass. We found that 84% (N = 330) of shearwaters sampled in 1997-1999 and 2001 contained plastic. The incidence and amount of ingested plastic have not significantly changed since the 1970s. In contrast, the predominant type of plastic has changed over time, from industrial plastic to user plastic. S,asonal patterns in the incidence and amount of ingested plastic also changed from peak levels during early and late summer in the 1970s to mid summer in the late 1990s and 2001. We suggest that the availability of neuston plastic to seabirds in the Bering Sea has undergone a shift in composition since the 1970s. Shearwater body mass appears little if at all impaired by plastic, at least at present levels of consumption.  相似文献   

中国夏季主雨带的形成过程   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

蔡尔诚 《河南气象》2001,(1):6-8

我国夏季主雨带的形成，是从上一年夏季开始的，共经历3个阶段，（1）上一年5－9月副热带西风急流的孕育期，（2）10－3月西风急流发展期，（3）西风急流为西太平副热带高压替代期（本年5－9月）－主雨带形成，在3个阶段中，北半球大气加热场上制约西风急流变化的最活跃的因子，是高，中纬地区由流状低云和冰雪盖交替进行的冷却大气过程。  相似文献   

Peatland development at the arctic tree line (Québec, Canada) influenced by flooding and permafrost     

Najat Bhiry  Serge Payette  lisabeth C. Robert 《Quaternary Research》2007,67(3):426-437

In this study, we documented the Holocene history of a peat plateau at the arctic tree line in northern Québec using stratigraphic and macrofossil analyses to highlight the effects of geomorphic setting in peatland development. Paludification of the site began about 6800 cal yr BP. From 6390 to 4120 cal yr BP, the peatland experienced a series of flooding events. The location of the peatland in a depression bounded by two small lakes likely explains its sensitivity to runoff. The proximity of a large hill bordering the peatland to the south possibly favored the inflow of mineral-laden water. The onset of permafrost aggradation in several parts of the peatland occurred after 3670 cal yr BP. Uplifting of the peatland surface caused by permafrost stopped the flooding. According to radiocarbon dating of the uppermost peat layers, permafrost distribution progressed from the east to the west of the peatland, indicating differential timing for the initiation of permafrost throughout the peatland. Most of the peatland was affected by permafrost growth during the Little Ice Age. Picea mariana macroremains at 6450 cal yr BP indicate that the species was present during the early stages of peatland development, which occurred soon after the sea regression.  相似文献